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Medical Necessity in Private Health Plans

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Bedrick v. Travelers Ins. Co., 93 F.3d 149 (4th Cir. 1996).

Blumenthal, R. (2002). Report of the Attorney General's Investigation Concerning Psych Management, Inc. and Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Connecticut. Available at http://www.cslib.org/attygenl/mainlinks/tabindex6.htm. Accessed April 3, 2002.

Buck, J. A., Teich, J. L., Umland, B., & Stein, M. (1999). Behavioral health benefits in employer-sponsored health plans, 1997. Health Affairs, 18(2), 67-78.

Chodoff, P. (1998). Medical necessity and psychotherapy. Psychiatric Services, 49(11),1481-1483.

Dallek, G. & Pollitz, K. (2000). External review of health plan decisions: An update. Prepared for the Kaiser Family Foundation (Washington, DC).

Dettmer Clinic v. Associated Insurance Companies, Inc. U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20896 (1993).

Domino, M. E., Salkever, D. S., Zarin, D. A., & Pincus, H. A. (1998). The impact of managed care on psychiatry. Administration & Policy in Mental Health, 26(2),149-157.

Eddy, D. (1994). From theory to practice: Rationing resources while improving quality: How to get more for less. JAMA, 272, 817-824.

Firestone Tire and Rubber v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101 (1989).

Ford, W. (1998). Medical necessity: Its impact in managed mental health care. Psychiatric Services 49(2), 183-184.

Ford, W. (2000). Medical necessity and psychiatric managed care. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(2), 309-317.

Hadley, J. (2002). Sicker and poorer: The consequences of being uninsured: A review of the research on the relationship between health insurance, health, work, income and education. Prepared for the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Available at http://www.kff.org/uninsured/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=13970. Accessed May 29, 2002.

Harris v. Mutual of Omaha Co., 992 F.2d 706 (7th Cir. 1993).

Hill, H., Hanson, A., & O'Connell, B. (2000). Using evidence: Coverage decisions. Proceedings from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) User Liaison Program Workshop for State and Local Healthcare Policymakers. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/news/ulp/evidence/ulpevdnc5.htm. Accessed December 15, 2001.

Institute of Medicine. (1990). Clinical practice guidelines: Directions for a new program. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Ireys, H., Wehr, E., & Cooke, R.E. (1999). Defining medical necessity: Strategies for promoting access to quality care for persons with developmental disabilities, mental retardation, and other special health care needs. Washington, DC: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health Report.

JCAHO. (2001). 2001-2002 Comprehensive accreditation manual for health care networks. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Author.

JCAHO. (1997). Comprehensive accreditation manual for managed behavioral health care. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Author.

Jones v. Kodak Medical Assistance Plan., 169 F. 3d 1287 (10th Cir. 1999).

Kaplan, A. (1999). Medical necessity: What is it? Psychiatric Times, 16:12.

Kornman v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Louisiana 662 So. 2nd 498 (1995).

Lazorko v. Pennsylvania Hospital., 237 F. 3d 242 (3d Cir. 2000).

Manderscheid, R. W., Henderson, M. J., & Brown, D. Y. (2001). Status of national efforts to improve accountability for quality. In B. Dickey & L.I. Sederer (Eds.). Improving mental health care: Commitment to quality. (pp. 163-178). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Milone v. Exclusive Health Care, Inc., 224 F.3rd 615 (8th Cir. 2001).

Moscovitch v. Danbury State Hospital., 25 F. Supp. 2d 74 (D. Ct. 1998).

NCQA. (2001). Standards for the accreditation of MCOs (Effective July 1, 2001). Washington, DC: Author.

NCQA. (2000). Standards and surveyor guidelines for the accreditation of MBHOs. Washington, DC: Author.

Pawlson, G., (April 3, 2002). NCQA, personal communication.

Rosenbaum, S. (2002). Medicaid. NEJM. 346(8), 635-640.

Rosenbaum, S., & Rousseau, D. (2001). Medicaid at thirty-five. St. Louis University Law Jour. 45, 1-53.

Rosenbaum, S., Frankford, D., Moore, B., & Borzi, P. (1999). Who should determine when health care is medically necessary? NEJM, 340, 229-232.

Rosenblatt, R., Law, S., & Rosenbaum, S. (1997). Law and the American health care system. New York: Foundation Press.

Rosenblatt, R., Rosenbaum, S., & Frankford, D. (2002). Law and the American health care system. 2001-02 Supplement. New York: Foundation Press.

Rush Prudential HMO, Inc., Petitioner, v. Debra C. Moran et al., U.S. Supreme Court. No. 00-1021. 2002 U.S. LEXIS 4644.

Sabin, J., & Daniels, N. (1994). Determining "medical necessity" for mental health practice. Hastings Center Report, 24(6), 5-13.

Scalamandre v. Oxford Health Plans, Inc. 823 F. Supp. 1050 (E.D. NY, 1993).

Schiffbauer, W. G. (1999). Medical necessity and health plan contracts. Washington, DC: Health Insurance Association of America.

Singer, S. J., Bergthold, L. A., Vorhaus, C., & Enthoven, A. (1999). Decreasing variation in medical necessity decision-making. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (1999). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Varble, D. (2001). Comments on practice guidelines. In N. A. Cummings & W. O'Donohue (Eds.), Integrated behavioral healthcare: Positioning mental health practice with medical/surgical practice. (pp. 251-255). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

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